Some Bhagnaris were also wine merchants. The Purusha Sukta verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the Rigveda, probably as a charter myth. In practice, states Nesbitt, widespread endogamy practice among Sikhs has been prevalent in modern times, and poorer Sikhs of disadvantaged castes continue to gather in their own places of worship. The Vedic tribes regarded themselves as arya (the noble ones) and the rival tribes were called dasa, dasyu and pani. Here is our list of Indian surnames and their origin/ meaning. The Caste system does not demarcate racial division. These are Hindu Kshatriyas who worked as accountants in the governments of Mirs and Kalhodas in Sindh. [17] The varna categorisation implicitly had a fifth element, being those people deemed to be entirely outside its scope, such as tribal people and the untouchables. Nowadays even though they may be in service, yet they are known as Bhaibands if their ancestors belonged to this caste. [89] But soon afterwards, Shudras are not counted among the tax-payers and they are said to be given away along with the lands when it is gifted. The texts state that the Brahmin took food from anyone, suggesting that strictures of commensality were as yet unknown. [189], Sweetman notes that the European conception of caste dismissed former political configurations and insisted upon an "essentially religious character" of India. Sindhis don’t follow any caste system, but there are certain loosely defined ‘castes’ or ‘zaats’ that are distinct from each other as they have come to be associated with distinct cultural and behavioural characteristics. The poverty level in India's lowest castes dropped from 49 percent to 39 percent between 1995 and 2005, compared to a national average change from 35 to 27 percent. [168] Ramnarayan Rawat, a professor of History and specialising in social exclusion in Indian subcontinent, states that the criminal-by-birth castes under this Act included initially Ahirs, Gurjars and Jats, but its enforcement expanded by the late 19th century to include most Shudras and untouchables, such as Chamars,[169] as well as Sannyasis and hill tribes. [164][165][166] These colonial era laws and their provisions used the term "Tribes", which included castes within their scope. These people usually lived in the mountain regions in Sindh and later came down to stay in Karachi. Example: [160], The role of the British Raj on the caste system in India is controversial. [283] They also argue that the practise had disappeared in urban public life. In the context of politically active modern India, where job and school quotas are reserved for affirmative action based on castes, the term has become a sensitive and controversial subject. Today, ethnic Sindhis are both in India and Pakistan. However, over 99 percent of India's farms are less than 10 hectares, and 99.9 percent of the farms are less than 20 hectares, regardless of the farmer or landowner's caste. [232] Critics of the reservation system believe that there is actually no social stigma at all associated with belonging to a backward caste and that because of the huge constitutional incentives in the form of educational and job reservations, a large number of people will falsely identify with a backward caste to receive the benefits. This has led Cynthia Talbot, a professor of History and Asian Studies, to question whether varna was socially significant in the daily lives of this region. [284][page needed], Recent research by Naveen Bharathi, Deepak Malghan and Andaleeb Rahman found that "the extent of intra-village segregation in Karnataka is greater than the local black-white segregation in the American South that continues to influence residential patterns to this day." ORIGIN OF THE NAME The province of Sindh has been designated after the river Sindh (Indus) which literally created it and has been also its sole means of sustenance. [97] 110. Since then, India has reserved 27 percent of job opportunities in government-owned enterprises and agencies for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs). From the earliest days of Islam's arrival in South Asia, the Arab, Persian and Afghan Muslims have been part of the upper, noble caste. "[16], The sociologist Andre Beteille notes that, while varna mainly played the role of caste in classical Hindu literature, it is jati that plays that role in present times. Shah, A. M. "Caste in the 21st Century: From System to Elements." Segregation, where individual castes lived together, the dominant caste living in the center and other castes living on the periphery. BHATIAS – Bhatias are descendants of Shri Krishna. If someone does a job that is dirty, it does not make them inferior; in the same way that no mother is inferior because she cleans the excreta of her baby. Communities teamed in different regions of India, into "collective classing" to mold the social stratification in order to maximise assets and protect themselves from loss. They were neither learned nor affluent, functioning only as priests to the Hindu trading castes. [277][278], In a 2011 study, Aiyar too notes that such qualitative theories of economic exploitation and consequent land redistribution within India between 1950 and 1990 had no effect on the quality of life and poverty reduction. The fastest increase in school attendance by Dalit community children occurred during the recent periods of India's economic growth. [187][page needed][188], De Zwart notes that the caste system used to be thought of as an ancient fact of Hindu life and that contemporary scholars argue instead that the system was constructed by the colonial authorities. [110] The text Adipurana also discusses the relationship between varna and jati. The caste system of Hindu population is among the oldest forms of social stratification. to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, a figure which had shrunk to 41% by 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation's survey took place. [5] The caste system consists of two different concepts, varna and jati, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system. Independent India has witnessed caste-related violence. The four varnas are not lineages, but categories". [51], Sociologist Anne Waldrop observes that while outsiders view the term caste as a static phenomenon of stereotypical tradition-bound India, empirical facts suggest caste has been a radically changing feature. Sindhis don’t follow any caste system, but there are certain loosely defined ‘castes’ or ‘zaats’ that are distinct from each other as they have come to be associated with distinct cultural and behavioral characteristics. [235] They found a significant increase in lower caste children in their odds of completing primary school. Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar. During the time of the Rigveda, there were two varnas: arya varna and dasa varna. [62] The second school has focused on sociological evidence and sought to understand the historical circumstances. They are mainstream Sikhs but a small community whom we know very little about. Buddha responds by pointing out the basic facts of biological birth common to all men and asserts that the ability to draw service is obtained economically, not by divine right. After the partition of India in 1947, most Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs migrated to the newly formed Dominion of India and other parts of the world. [239] They practice endogamy, hypergamy, hereditary occupations, avoid social mixing and have been stratified. [231] The census would also help the government to re-examine and possibly undo some of the policies which were formed in haste such as the Mandal Commission in order to bring more objectivity to the policies with respect to contemporary realities. They strictly married in their own community. The system is seen in the South Indian Tamil literature from the Sangam period, dated to the third to sixth centuries CE. However, although Ambedkar uses the approach of psychologist Gabriel Tarde to indicate how the caste system spread, he also explains that Brahmins or Manu cannot be blamed for the origin of the caste system and he discredits theories which trace the origin of caste system in races. This is the name of a Sindhi tribe in southeastern Pakistan, along with a historical regional dynasty in India (the Soomra). Many husbandmen and artisans practised a number of crafts. The rituals in the Vedas ask the noble or king to eat with the commoner from the same vessel. [123], Peter Jackson, a professor of Medieval History and Muslim India, writes that the speculative hypotheses about caste system in Hindu states during the medieval Delhi Sultanate period (~1200 to 1500) and the existence of a caste system as being responsible for Hindu weakness in resisting the plunder by Islamic armies is appealing at first sight, but "they do not withstand closer scrutiny and historical evidence". In the 1881 census and thereafter, colonial ethnographers used caste (jati) headings, to count and classify people in what was then British India (now India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Burma). There was a great diversity in these rules, and lower castes generally accepted food from upper castes. [90] The majority of the artisans were also reduced to the position of Shudras, but there is no contempt indicated for their work. "[116] In Tamil Nadu the Vellalar were during ancient and medieval period the elite caste who were major patrons of literature. [according to whom? MASANDS – Masands were appointed to spread Sikhism by the fourth Guru, Guru Ramdas. The decree introduced a formal division of Ashraf and Ajlaf in the Muslim society of India. Vaisyas are craftsmen, farmers, and artisans, those who produce material goods. There are thousands of Sindhi Bhatias all over the world today. For socio-religious Hindu stratification, see, "Castes in India" redirects here. Sindhis don’t follow any caste system, but there are certain loosely defined ‘castes’ or ‘zaats’ that are distinct from each other as they have come to be associated with distinct cultural and behavioral characteristics. The surnames are influenced by religion, profession, region, caste etc. [279] For specific evidence, Aiyar mentions the following. Any number of new jatis can be added depending on need, such as tribes, sects, denominations, religious or linguistic minorities and nationalities. Sindhis participate in this mindset with pride, asking each other with gleeful curiosity: what is your caste? In 2001, the literacy rates in India's lowest castes was 55 percent, compared to a national average of 63 percent. Access to drinking water within household or near the household in India's lowest castes was 80 percent in 2001, compared to a national average of 83 percent. Critics believe that the economic liberalisation has benefited just a small elite and left behind the poor, especially the lowest Hindu caste of dalits. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel by Kanakalatha Mukund p.166, Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the making of the Indo-Islamic World by André Wink p.321. A 2007 nationwide survey of India by the World Bank found that over 80 percent of children of historically discriminated castes were attending schools. [155] The British, coming from a society rigidly divided by class, attempted to equate India's castes with British social classes. [136] Eaton states that, "Looking at Bengal's Hindu society as a whole, it seems likely that the caste system—far from being the ancient and unchanging essence of Indian civilisation as supposed by generations of Orientalists—emerged into something resembling its modern form only in the period 1200–1500". There are 4 main caste groups: Brahmin, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Shudras. He wrote that initially, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras existed as classes whose choice of occupation was not restricted by birth and in which exogamy was prevalent. Surname of the Arora caste of the Punjab and Sindh. Zia al-Din al-Barani's discussion, however, is not about non-Muslim castes, rather a declaration of the supremacy of Ashraf caste over Ardhal caste among the Muslims, justifying it in Quranic text, with "aristocratic birth and superior genealogy being the most important traits of a human". [43][44][45], Ghurye added, in 1932, that the colonial construction of caste led to the livening up, divisions and lobbying to the British officials for favourable caste classification in India for economic opportunities, and this had added new complexities to the concept of caste. The name stuck and became the usual word for the Hindu social group. The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was established to investigate, monitor, advise, and evaluate the socio-economic progress of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. If Brahma wanted castes, argued Phule, he would have ordained the same for other creatures. "Caste, religion, poverty census gets Cabinet nod", "Changing Educational Inequalities in India in the Context of Affirmative Action", "What is the progress in elementary education participation in India during the last two decades? 33 of 1989", "SC/STs fail to break caste ceiling: No SC in 149 top government officers, 40 pc do menial jobs", "Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population: Census 2001". These depressed classes were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from special constituencies in which voters belonging to the depressed classes only could vote. [citation needed], There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is lower than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey. [242], Duncan Forrester observes that "Nowhere else in India is there a large and ancient Christian community which has in time immemorial been accorded a high status in the caste hierarchy. [263] This is contradicted by Carrithers and Humphreys who describe the major Jain castes in Rajasthan with their social rank. They state that this may be because the colonial social stratification worked with the pre-existing ritual caste system. Segmentation of society into groups whose membership was determined by birth. A 2000 report estimated that most jobs in India were in companies owned by the government or agencies of the government. [151], The population then comprised about 200 million people, across five major religions, and over 500,000 agrarian villages, each with a population between 100 and 1,000 people of various age groups, which were variously divided into numerous castes. According to a 2005 UN report, approximately 31,440 cases of violent acts committed against Dalits were reported in 1996. During the lifetime of the Gurus, most of their major supporters and Sikhs were Khatris. Gandhi went on a hunger strike against this provision claiming that such an arrangement would split the Hindu community into two groups. [175] The criminal-by-birth laws against targeted castes was enforced until the mid-20th century, with an expansion of criminal castes list in west and south India through the 1900s to 1930s. While Dalits would be allowed entry into the village gurudwaras they would not be permitted to cook or serve langar (the communal meal). Many occupations listed such as accounting and writing were not linked to jatis. [98] The Nikaya texts also imply that endogamy was not mandated. These qualities or traits arose either from their professional differences or from the cities and places of living. Balochi Caste Name. [23][24], Jatis have existed in India among Hindus, Muslims, Christians and tribal people, and there is no clear linear order among them. Whereas the Brahmanical texts speak of the four-fold varna system, the Buddhist texts present an alternative picture of the society, stratified along the lines of jati, kula and occupation. "[105] The epic then recites a behavioural model for varna, that those who were inclined to anger, pleasures and boldness attained the Kshatriya varna; those who were inclined to cattle rearing and living off the plough attained the Vaishya varna; those who were fond of violence, covetousness and impurity attained the Shudra varna. There are never more or less than four and for over 2,000 years their order of precedence has not altered. Parties such as Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), the Samajwadi Party and the Janata Dal claim that they are representing the backward castes, and rely on OBC support, often in alliance with Dalit and Muslim support, to win elections. 111. Qaums have patrilineal hereditary, with ranked occupations and endogamy. [63] The latter has criticised the former for its caste origin theory, claiming that it has dehistoricised and decontextualised Indian society. The erstwhile dasas are renamed Shudras, probably to distinguish them from the new meaning of dasa as slave. The innumerable subcastes or Jatis he considered to be a hindrance. [148] The 1891 census included 60 sub-groups each subdivided into six occupational and racial categories, and the number increased in subsequent censuses. 113. Similar observations hold for carpenters, tanners, weavers and others. [182][183] Caste-based discrimination and denial of human rights by the colonial state had similar impact elsewhere in India. The gahapatis were the primary taxpayers of the state. [127], Richard Eaton, a professor of History, states that the presumption of a rigid Hindu caste system and oppression of lower castes in pre-Islamic era in India, and it being the cause of "mass conversion to Islam" during the medieval era suffers from the problem that "no evidence can be found in support of the theory, and it is profoundly illogical". ", Mahavira, the 24th tirthankara introduced radical reforms in the social structure. Historically speaking, the alliance and the open status group, whether war band or religious sect, dominated medieval and early modern Indian history in a way descent and caste did not. State Intervention in Religion. It appears to me that any attempt at definition is bound to fail because of the complexity of the phenomenon. [260][261], The Sikh literature from the period Islamic rule and the British colonial era mention Varna as Varan, and Jati as Zat or Zat-biradari. Origins and Development of the Kuru State. There is history of skin color defining Pak/Paleed, but that does not have historical roots, and was adopted by outsiders using analogy from Hindu Caste system. "Caste," he claimed, has "saved Hinduism from disintegration. A minority of the Khatris are Sikh. The lack of Brahman, priestly class and rigid caste system in Sindhi society found correlation with teaching of Guru Nanak which was based on equality on humanity among other things. The 27 percent reservation is in addition to 22.5 percent set aside for India's lowest castes for last 50 years. [18], Scholars have questioned the varna verse in Rigveda, noting that the varna therein is mentioned only once. Varna literally means type, order, colour or class [14][15] and was a framework for grouping people into classes, first used in Vedic Indian society. [198], The emergence of a caste system in the modern form, during the early period of British colonial rule in the 18th and 19th century, was not uniform in South Asia. [88], In an early Upanishad, Shudra is referred to as Pūşan or nourisher, suggesting that Shudras were the tillers of the soil. [19][20][21][22] Jeaneane Fowler says that although some people consider jati to be occupational segregation, in reality the jati framework does not preclude or prevent a member of one caste from working in another occupation. Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, professors of Sanskrit and Religious studies, state, "there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system", and "the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality". The ancient caste system of India, which has resulted in the social and economic oppression of the Dalits, continues to play a dominant role in India. [268], Vivekananda similarly criticised caste as one of the many human institutions that bars the power of free thought and action of an individual. [citation needed] In his criticism Phule added, "Brahmins cannot claim superior status because of caste, because they hardly bothered with these when wining and dining with Europeans. [262] In theory, Nesbitt states Sikh literature does not recognise caste hierarchy or differences. [259], In 1953, the Government of India acceded to the demands of the Sikh leader, Tara Singh, to include Sikh castes of the converted untouchables in the list of scheduled castes. The mention of jati is even rarer, through the 13th century. She notes that all Gurus of Sikhs married within their Zat, and they did not condemn or break with the convention of endogamous marriages for their own children or Sikhs in general. Cassan has studied the differential effect within two segments of India's Dalit community. Female role models in politics, academia, journalism, business, and India's feminist movement have accelerated the change.[208]. [215][216], The Government of the United Kingdom ran a public consultation on ways to ensure legal protection against caste discrimination from March 2017 to September 2017. The distinction originally arose from tribal divisions. [244][245] Their traditional belief that their ancestors were high-caste Hindus such as Nambudiris and Nairs, who were evangelised by St. Thomas, has also supported their upper-caste status. This view has been disputed by other scholars, who believe it to be a secular social phenomenon driven by the necessities of economics, politics, and sometimes also geography. [84] Many dasas were however in a servile position, giving rise to the eventual meaning of dasa as servant or slave. "[121], Early and mid 20th century Muslim historians, such as Hashimi in 1927 and Qureshi in 1962, proposed that "caste system was established before the arrival of Islam", and it and "a nomadic savage lifestyle" in the northwest Indian subcontinent were the primary cause why Sindhi non-Muslims "embraced Islam in flocks" when Arab Muslim armies invaded the region. [2][147][4], Jati were the basis of caste ethnology during the British colonial era. Caste in its current form, claimed Gandhi, had nothing to do with religion. [285][286][287], Sociologists Kevin Reilly, Stephen Kaufman and Angela Bodino, while critical of caste system, conclude that modern India does not practice apartheid since there is no state-sanctioned discrimination. Efforts are being made to replace the term with "Masihi" (Messiah), which is preferred by the Christians citizens of Pakistan. THAKURS – These are the descendants of Lord Jhulelal. 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